STRESS

Original Articles

A Validation Study of the Korean Version of the Moral Injury Outcome Scale: Hyeonchan Kim, Yun-Kyeung Choi; STRESS. 2025;33(2):74-92. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2025.33.2.74

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Abstract PDF: Background
Moral injury (MI) refers to the psychological and functional consequences of potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs), involving perceived violations of deeply held moral beliefs. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Moral Injury Outcome Scale (K-MIOS) and to examine its applicability in Korean populations.
Methods
A total of 546 Korean adults who had experienced at least one PMIE completed an online survey. The sample was randomly split into two groups (n=273 each) for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed using correlation analyses with related psychological constructs. Signal detection analysis was performed to identify the optimal cutoff score indicating clinically significant and potentially targetable MI.
Results
EFA and CFA supported a two-factor structure for the K-MIOS, with good internal consistency. The K-MIOS showed significant positive correlations with PMIE exposure, MI, post-traumatic cognitions and emotions, post-traumatic stress symptoms, general psychological distress, and psychosocial dysfunction, supporting its construct validity. Signal detection analysis identified a cutoff score of 27 as optimally efficient for identifying individuals with clinically significant MI.
Conclusions
The K-MIOS showed robust psychometric properties and is suitable for assessing MI in Korean adults. This study provides initial evidence for a screening threshold, that may help identify individuals at clinical risk for MI.

Preliminary Validation of the Korean Version of the Alexian Brothers Urge to Self-Injure Scale (ABUSI-K): Min-kyeong Kim, Myoung-Ho Hyun, Seo Jeong Lee; STRESS. 2023;31(4):182-188. Published online December 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.4.182

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study aimed to validate the Korean version of the Alexian-Brothers Urge to Self-injure Scale (ABUSI) for measuring non-suicidal self-injury urges.
Methods
Analysis was conducted on a sample of 389 adult men and women who had inflicted self-harm without suicidal intent within three years. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to confirm the single factor of the scale, and convergent validity was assessed to establish the relationship between ABUSI-K and Negative Urgency (UPPS-P), Self-Criticism/Attacking and Reassurance (FSCRS), and Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview (SITBI).
Results
The Korean version of the Alexian-Brothers Urge to Self-Injure Scale (ABUSI-K) showed high internal consistency and, like the original scale, was confirmed to be a single-factor scale measuring the urge to self-injure. Convergent validity with negative urgency, self-criticism/self-attacking and self-reassuring, the NSSI module of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, and depression and anxiety were also significant, indicating that ABUSI-K’s psychometric benefits are confirmed.
Conclusions
The results of this study will provide a multifaceted understanding of self-injury without suicidal intent and the urges that occur before self-injury. They are expected to be useful in clinical interventions for individuals who have engaged in non-suicidal self-injuries.

Validating a Short Version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12 (IUS-12): Somin Lee, Myoung-Ho Hyun, Jaeeun Shin; STRESS. 2023;31(3):97-105. Published online September 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.3.97

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Abstract PDF

Background
This study aims to validate the short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12 (IUS-12).
Methods
A comprehensive set of questionnaires, including the IUS-12, STAI-T, PSWQ, CES-D, and K-CSI, was administered and completed by 404 participants. The average age of the participants was 31.29 years (SD=9.18), comprising 114 men, 287 women, and 3 individuals identifying with the other gender. We conducted a factor analysis on the collected data and compared the fit indices of one-factor, two-factor, and bifactor models. Furthermore, a multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis evaluated measurement invariance between the men’s and women’s groups. Correlational analyses were also conducted.
Results
Data from the study show that the bifactor model was the most appropriate, demonstrating good internal consistency. The Omega coefficients and explained common variance were computed to evaluate the dimensionality of the IUS-12, validating the use of the total score of the scale. Its factor model also showed that the measurement invariance sustained between two gender groups. The correlation analyses between the IUS-12 and other scales assessing attributes such as trait anxiety, worry, depression, and avoidance coping strategy supported convergent validity.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that the IUS-12 is a reliable and valid measure for assessing the intolerance of uncertainty. The study also discusses its limitations and offers recommendations for future research endeavors.

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The impact of intolerance of uncertainty and job-seeking efficacy among nursing students: The mediating effect of planned happenstance skills
Chung Hee Woo, Ju Ah Kim
The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2025; 31(2): 151. CrossRef
Simulated virtual reality experiences for predicting early treatment response in panic disorder
Byung-Hoon Kim, Jae-Jin Kim, Junhyung Kim, Jiook Cha, Sang-Won Jeon, Kang-Seob Oh, Dong-Won Shin, Sung Joon Cho
Frontiers in Digital Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Validation of the Korean Adaptation of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (K-STAXI-2): Kyum Koo Chon, Kyung Hyun Suh, Joonsuk YI, Sungwon Roh, Yongmi Lee, Sojung Kim, Euiyeon Kim, Ju Yul Lee, Aron Choi; STRESS. 2023;31(3):133-141. Published online September 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.3.133

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3 Citations

Abstract PDF

Background
This study aimed to validate the Korean adaptation of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (K-STAXI-2).
Methods
The study included a sample of 307 normal adults and 81 comparable adult patients. The data were analyzed using factor analyses, internal consistency measures, assessments of convergent and discriminant validity, t-tests between groups, and test-retest reliability.
Results
(1) Exploratory factor analyses revealed clear-cut factors for anger experience (state anger and trait anger) and anger expression (anger expression-in, anger expression-out, anger control-in, and anger control-out); (2) correlation analyses between K-STAXI-2 and the Emotional Stress Inventory demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity; (3) t-test between the patient group and the normal adults group provided additional construct validity; (4) internal consistencies of the six subscales showed a satisfactory level of reliability (α=.81 to α=.94); and (5) test-retest reliability over four weeks showed a satisfactory level of reliability.
Conclusions
The results further support the reliability and validity of the K-STAXI-2, suggesting its usefulness in various fields such as medicine, nursing, psychology, addiction, organization, education, and criminal justice.

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A Multinational Comparison Study of the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Anxiety, Depression, and Anger Item Bank in the General Population
Jiseon Lee, Yeonjung Lim, Dong Gi Seo, Minji K. Lee, Benjamin D. Schalet, Felix Fischer, Matthias Rose, Danbee Kang, Juhee Cho
International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Being stuck on negatives isn't equally bad: A cross-cultural Bayesian meta-analysis of rumination and its relation to depression
Sooyeon Kim, Seojeong Kim, Sunkyung Yoon
Journal of Affective Disorders.2025; 385: 119365. CrossRef
Differential Association Between Values of Health and Environment, and Emotions of Pride and Compassion
Miangola Ramanoelina, Donghwa Yoon, Dohyun Ahn
Journal of Social Science.2025; 36(2): 129. CrossRef

The Influence of Parental Psychological Control on Social Anxiety among College Students: The Mediating Effect of Self-Discrepancy and Validation from Others: Kyue Won Lee, Eun Young Park; STRESS. 2022;30(1):45-51. Published online March 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2022.30.1.45

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study aimed to investigate the effects of parental psychological control on social anxiety among college students and to understand the mediating effect of self-discrepancy and validation from others between them.
Methods
The participants were 351 college students from Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do who responded to a survey. And structural equation model was used to analyze the data.
Results
First, there was no mediating effect of self-discrepancy between parental psychological control and social anxiety. Second, there was a significant mediating effect of validation from others between them. Finally, self-discrepancy and validation from others were found to sequentially mediate between parental psychological control and social anxiety.
Conclusions
This findings suggest that self-discrepancy and validation from others could be used as a therapeutic strategy in treatments.

The Development and Validation of the Relational Need Scales: Soo-Hyun Kang, Jung-Ho Kim, Mirihae Kim; STRESS. 2019;27(1):107-116. Published online March 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2019.27.1.107

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background:
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the relational need scale. Based on previous studies, we presumed that relational need is comprised of the two independent concepts of approch and avoidance.
Methods:
The preliminary items were selected through a series of processes and they were analyzed in terms of item content, response distribution and correlations with other measures. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed that approach and avoidance concepts were independent from each other.
Results:
As a result, the relational need scale was developed, consisting of 6 approach-type items for the relational need subscale and 11 items for the avoidance-type subscale. The two subscales are each subsumed by a one-factor model and a three-factor model, respectively. Specifically, the approach- type subscale has subfactors of ‘Intimate relationship tendency,’ whereas the avoidance-type subscale has the subfactors of ‘sensitivity to others evaluations,’ ‘sensitive to negative evaluations,’ and ‘awareness for others.’
Conclusions:
The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and criterion-related validity of the scales were found to be adequate. This study revealed that the Korean version of relational need scale is reliable and valid. Finally, implications and limitations of this study and suggestions for future studies are discussed.

Development and Validation of the Korean Dysfunctional Depression Scale: Jong Nam Kim, Soonmook Lee, Seungwon Choi, Jungmin Chae, Dong Gi Seo, Heon Jeong Lee, Eun Soo Won; STRESS. 2018;26(2):103-114. Published online June 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2018.26.2.103

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3 Citations

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background:

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the Korean dysfunctional depression scale, which measures pathological depression including subclinical depression and clinical depression.

Methods:

To achieve this purpose, we collected data from patients diagnosed as having depressive disorder and clients with chief complaints related to depression, and 360 data were analyzed.

Results:

Using item linkage methods, we decided 20 items as a dysfunctional depression scale for group research. The results of reliability verification show high internal consistency and stable test-retest reliability. In addition, the result of factor validity demonstrates general factor and two specific factors-the first specific factor is ‘the physical-somatic factor’ and the second specific factor is ‘the pessimistic cognition and alienation factor’. Convergent validity was also confirmed good. Lastly, this study performed standard setting workshop consisting of content experts to decide cut-scores of dysfunctional depression scale. Through the workshop, the standard cut-score of normal-subclinical depression was decided as 44 and the standard cut-score of subclinical-clinical depression was decided as 58. The classification consistency and accuracy indices were to validate standard cut-scores.

Conclusions:

This Korean dysfunctional depression scale is verified to have high reliability and validity.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Developing Factors of Adult Learners’ College Life Adaptation and a Test Questionnaire Using Delphi Surveys
Hea Kyoung Eun, Eun Kyung Lee, Jamyoung Yi, Yujin Choi
Journal of Lifelong Learning Society.2024; 20(3): 114. CrossRef
Psychometric Methods and Validation of Short Form for the Psychological Scale: Based on the Korean dysfunctional depression scale
Dong gi Seo, Soonmook Lee, Jong-Nam Kim, Seungwon Choi, Jungmin Chae, Sunho Jung, SunKyung Cho, MyungKi Kim, Ebesutani Chad
THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY : GENERAL.2019; 38(1): 75. CrossRef
Development of Submodules of the Korean Dysfunctional Depression Scale: A Preliminary Study
Jong Nam Kim, Seungwon Choi, Sunho Jung, Heon Jeong Lee, Chul-Hyun Cho, Saebom Park, Da Eun Kim
Stress.2018; 26(3): 173. CrossRef

Korean Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (K-MAIA): Development and Validation: Wan-Suk Gim, Kyo-Lin Sim, Ok-Kyung Cho; Korean J Str Res. 2016;24(3):177-192. Published online September 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2016.24.3.177

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16 Citations

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

In this study, based on a critical review of the 32-item Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (Mehling, Price, Daubenmier, Acree, Bartmess & Stewart, 2012; MAIA), a 32-item Korean edition of MAIA was developed in a pilot study and validated in two studies. In a pilot study, the 32 items of MAIA were adapted to Korean language, then administered to 253 adults for item analysis. Based on the results on item discrimination, internal consistency, and exploratory factor analysis, the scale was revised and reconstructed. In the study 1, the scale was administered to 295 adults; reliability analysis and exploratory factor analysis were performed, and correlation coefficients with other related scales were examined. In addition, interoceptive awareness was compared among groups with varying experiences in training related to interoceptive awareness. In the study 2, the scale was administered to 223 adults; confirmatory factor analysis was performed. Results showed that the Korean edition of MAIA with a total of 32 items and six factors had sufficient reliability and validity, demonstrating a high reliability based on internal consistency of .94, theoretically consistent levels of correlation coefficients with other scales, and satisfactory construct validity. The study concludes with discussions on implications and limitations of the study.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Czech Version of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA): Psychometric Evaluation and Network Model
Adam Klocek, Tomáš Řiháček, Hynek Cígler
Mindfulness.2025; 16(2): 403. CrossRef
Neural Processes Linking Interoception to Moral Preferences Aligned with Group Consensus
JuYoung Kim, Hackjin Kim
The Journal of Neuroscience.2025; 45(23): e1114242025. CrossRef
Body trust in Korean population: validation of the Korean version of the body trust scale
Yunyoung Oh, Jang-Won Seo
Frontiers in Psychiatry.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Relationship Between Interoceptive Awareness, Emotion Regulation and Clinical Symptoms Severity of Depression, Anxiety and Somatization
Su Jin Lee, Mimi Lee, Hyeong Beom Kim, Hyu Jung Huh
Psychiatry Investigation.2024; 21(3): 255. CrossRef
The association between interoception and olfactory affective responses
Tomohiro Arai, Tomoko Komano, Taro Munakata, Hideki Ohira
Biological Psychology.2024; : 108878. CrossRef
Body Awareness in Patients With Depression and/or Anxiety Disorder
Su Jin Lee, Hyeong Beom Kim, Hyu Jung Huh
Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2023; 62(1): 63. CrossRef
Pilot Study About the Effects of the Soma Experiencing Motion (Soma e-Motion) Program on Interoceptive Awareness and Self-Compassion
Mi-Sun Lee, Sun Je Kim, Jeong-Ho Chae, Soo-Young Bhang, Mimi Lee, Hyeong Beom Kim, Hyu Jung Huh
Psychiatry Investigation.2023; 20(3): 284. CrossRef
Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness (MAIA-2) questionnaire in a non-clinical sample of Arabic-speaking adults
Feten Fekih-Romdhane, Diana Malaeb, Mirna Fawaz, Nancy Chammas, Michel Soufia, Sahar Obeid, Souheil Hallit
BMC Psychiatry.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Validation of the shortened 24-item multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness, version 2 (Brief MAIA-2)
Aleksandra M. Rogowska, Rafał Tataruch, Klaudia Klimowska
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Interoceptive Awareness Among the General Public in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Ebtihaj Omar Fallata, Kadeja Abdulrahman Bashekah, Reem Mohammed Alqahtani, Sohaib Essam Althagafi, Mohammed Hisham Bardesi, Abdulaziz Mustafa Adnan, Mohammed Ali Alfaqih, Abdulrahman Mauafaq Aljifri, Hind Mauafaq Aljifri
Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Open-Label Placebo Treatment for Experimental Pain: A Randomized-Controlled Trial with Placebo Acupuncture and Placebo Pills
Seoyoung Lee, Dha-Hyun Choi, Minyoung Hong, In-Seon Lee, Younbyoung Chae
Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine.2022; 28(2): 136. CrossRef
Multidimensional assessment of ınteroceptive awareness (MAIA 2): psychometric properties of the Turkish version
Saliha ÖZPINAR, Emre DUNDER, Yaşar DEMİR, Melih AKYOL
Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine.2021; 4(2): 132. CrossRef
Translation and validation of a Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) version of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA)
Jennifer Todd, David Barron, Jane E. Aspell, Evelyn Kheng Lin Toh, Hanoor Syahirah Zahari, Nor Azzatunnisak Mohd. Khatib, Viren Swami, Yee Cheng Kueh
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(4): e0231048. CrossRef
Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness: Psychometric Properties of the Portuguese Version
Joana Machorrinho, Guida Veiga, Jorge Fernandes, Wolf Mehling, José Marmeleira
Perceptual and Motor Skills.2019; 126(1): 87. CrossRef
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Masayasu Shoji, Wolf E. Mehling, Martin Hautzinger, Beate M. Herbert
Frontiers in Psychology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
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Mindaugas Baranauskas, Aida Grabauskaitė, Inga Griškova-Bulanova
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