1부산대학교 심리학과 박사과정
2부산대학교 심리학과 박사 수료
3부산대학교 심리학과 교수
1Doctoral Student, Department of Psychology, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
2Doctoral Candidate, Department of Psychology, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
3Professor, Department of Psychology, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
Copyright © 2025 Korean Society of Stress Medicine.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Funding
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2020S1A5A2A03045511).
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Age_T0 | |||||||||||||||
2. Sex_T0 | 0.03a) | ||||||||||||||
3. Income level_T0 | −0.22b) | −0.11b) | |||||||||||||
4. Education level_T0 | −0.28b) | −0.40b) | 0.28b) | ||||||||||||
5. Subjective health_T0 | −0.23b) | −0.10b) | 0.19b) | 0.20b) | |||||||||||
6. Volunteering_T0 | −0.09b) | −0.01 | 0.11b) | 0.18b) | 0.11b) | ||||||||||
7. Self-esteem_T1 | −0.23b) | −0.10b) | 0.27b) | 0.24b) | 0.27b) | 0.12b) | |||||||||
8. Self-esteem_T2 | −0.25b) | −0.12b) | 0.24b) | 0.20b) | 0.24b) | 0.12b) | 0.45b) | ||||||||
9. Self-esteem_T3 | −0.22b) | −0.10b) | 0.28b) | 0.24b) | 0.26b) | 0.12b) | 0.41b) | 0.45b) | |||||||
10. Depressive symptoms_T4 | 0.18b) | 0.18b) | −0.26b) | −0.21b) | −0.30b) | −0.09b) | −0.30b) | −0.34b) | −0.34b) | ||||||
11. Depressive symptoms_T5 | 0.19b) | 0.18b) | −0.23b) | −0.19b) | −0.27b) | −0.08b) | −0.28b) | −0.31b) | −0.31b) | 0.48b) | |||||
12. Depressive symptoms_T6 | 0.19b) | 0.19b) | −0.24b) | −0.18b) | −0.27b) | −0.08b) | −0.26b) | −0.28b) | −0.26b) | 0.46b) | 0.53b) | ||||
13. Subjective wellbeing_T4 | −0.12b) | −0.07b) | 0.24b) | 0.21b) | 0.22b) | 0.14b) | 0.34b) | 0.35b) | 0.36b) | −0.51b) | −0.35b) | −0.30b) | |||
14. Subjective wellbeing_T5 | −0.12b) | −0.06b) | 0.24b) | 0.15b) | 0.21b) | 0.11b) | 0.31b) | 0.31b) | 0.32b) | −0.35b) | −0.43b) | −0.29b) | 0.45b) | ||
15. Subjective wellbeing_T6 | −0.13b) | −0.07b) | 0.23b) | 0.16b) | 0.23b) | 0.11b) | 0.29b) | 0.30b) | 0.30b) | −0.34b) | −0.31b) | −0.48b) | 0.39b) | 0.44b) | |
M (SD)/N (%) | 76 (6.67) | 3,057 (62) | 1,903 (38) | 2,074 (42) | 2.77 (0.88) | 151 (3) | 29.3 (3.81) | 29.4 (4.09) | 29.2 (3.86) | 5.88 (5.58) | 5.78 (5.4) | 5.21 (5.19) | 6.01 (1.81) | 6.03 (1.79) | 6.24 (1.78) |
Range | 65~110 | 0~1 | 0~1 | 0~5 | 1~5 | 0~1 | 11~40 | 12~40 | 12~40 | 0~33 | 0~32 | 0~28 | 0~10 | 0~10 | 0~10 |
Skewness | - | - | - | - | 0.20 | - | −0.46 | −0.34 | −0.57 | 1.25 | 1.12 | 1.31 | −0.17 | −0.07 | −0.18 |
Kurtosis | - | - | - | - | −0.78 | - | 0.44 | 0.2 | 0.33 | 1.62 | 1.06 | 1.6 | 0.07 | 0 | −0.01 |
Model | χ2 (df) | RMSEA (90% CI) | SRMR | CFI | TLI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-esteem | Non growth | 45.582(4)b) | 0.048 (0.036∼0.061) | 0.052 | 0.980 | 0.985 |
Linear | 9.116(1)a) | 0.043 (0.021~0.070) | 0.015 | 0.996 | 0.988 | |
Depressive symptoms | Non growth | 43.945(4)b) | 0.052 (0.039~0.066) | 0.028 | 0.982 | 0.986 |
Linear | 8.025(1)a) | 0.044 (0.020~0.074) | 0.011 | 0.997 | 0.990 | |
Subjective wellbeing | Non growth | 44.478(4)b) | 0.052 (0.039~0.067) | 0.049 | 0.975 | 0.981 |
Linear | 9.550(1)a) | 0.048 (0.024~0.078) | 0.014 | 0.995 | 0.984 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Age_T0 | |||||||||||||||
2. Sex_T0 | 0.03 |
||||||||||||||
3. Income level_T0 | −0.22 |
−0.11 |
|||||||||||||
4. Education level_T0 | −0.28 |
−0.40 |
0.28 |
||||||||||||
5. Subjective health_T0 | −0.23 |
−0.10 |
0.19 |
0.20 |
|||||||||||
6. Volunteering_T0 | −0.09 |
−0.01 | 0.11 |
0.18 |
0.11 |
||||||||||
7. Self-esteem_T1 | −0.23 |
−0.10 |
0.27 |
0.24 |
0.27 |
0.12 |
|||||||||
8. Self-esteem_T2 | −0.25 |
−0.12 |
0.24 |
0.20 |
0.24 |
0.12 |
0.45 |
||||||||
9. Self-esteem_T3 | −0.22 |
−0.10 |
0.28 |
0.24 |
0.26 |
0.12 |
0.41 |
0.45 |
|||||||
10. Depressive symptoms_T4 | 0.18 |
0.18 |
−0.26 |
−0.21 |
−0.30 |
−0.09 |
−0.30 |
−0.34 |
−0.34 |
||||||
11. Depressive symptoms_T5 | 0.19 |
0.18 |
−0.23 |
−0.19 |
−0.27 |
−0.08 |
−0.28 |
−0.31 |
−0.31 |
0.48 |
|||||
12. Depressive symptoms_T6 | 0.19 |
0.19 |
−0.24 |
−0.18 |
−0.27 |
−0.08 |
−0.26 |
−0.28 |
−0.26 |
0.46 |
0.53 |
||||
13. Subjective wellbeing_T4 | −0.12 |
−0.07 |
0.24 |
0.21 |
0.22 |
0.14 |
0.34 |
0.35 |
0.36 |
−0.51 |
−0.35 |
−0.30 |
|||
14. Subjective wellbeing_T5 | −0.12 |
−0.06 |
0.24 |
0.15 |
0.21 |
0.11 |
0.31 |
0.31 |
0.32 |
−0.35 |
−0.43 |
−0.29 |
0.45 |
||
15. Subjective wellbeing_T6 | −0.13 |
−0.07 |
0.23 |
0.16 |
0.23 |
0.11 |
0.29 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
−0.34 |
−0.31 |
−0.48 |
0.39 |
0.44 |
|
M (SD)/N (%) | 76 (6.67) | 3,057 (62) | 1,903 (38) | 2,074 (42) | 2.77 (0.88) | 151 (3) | 29.3 (3.81) | 29.4 (4.09) | 29.2 (3.86) | 5.88 (5.58) | 5.78 (5.4) | 5.21 (5.19) | 6.01 (1.81) | 6.03 (1.79) | 6.24 (1.78) |
Range | 65~110 | 0~1 | 0~1 | 0~5 | 1~5 | 0~1 | 11~40 | 12~40 | 12~40 | 0~33 | 0~32 | 0~28 | 0~10 | 0~10 | 0~10 |
Skewness | - | - | - | - | 0.20 | - | −0.46 | −0.34 | −0.57 | 1.25 | 1.12 | 1.31 | −0.17 | −0.07 | −0.18 |
Kurtosis | - | - | - | - | −0.78 | - | 0.44 | 0.2 | 0.33 | 1.62 | 1.06 | 1.6 | 0.07 | 0 | −0.01 |
Model | χ2 (df) | RMSEA (90% CI) | SRMR | CFI | TLI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-esteem | Non growth | 45.582(4) |
0.048 (0.036∼0.061) | 0.052 | 0.980 | 0.985 |
Linear | 9.116(1) |
0.043 (0.021~0.070) | 0.015 | 0.996 | 0.988 | |
Depressive symptoms | Non growth | 43.945(4) |
0.052 (0.039~0.066) | 0.028 | 0.982 | 0.986 |
Linear | 8.025(1) |
0.044 (0.020~0.074) | 0.011 | 0.997 | 0.990 | |
Subjective wellbeing | Non growth | 44.478(4) |
0.052 (0.039~0.067) | 0.049 | 0.975 | 0.981 |
Linear | 9.550(1) |
0.048 (0.024~0.078) | 0.014 | 0.995 | 0.984 |
N (%) reflects cases coded as 1. Sex: male (0), female (1); Income: low income (0), general (1); Education level: no formal education (0, n=1,044), elementary (1, n=2,074), middle school (2, n=840), high school (3, n=708), college (4, n=249), graduate school or higher (5, n=39). p<.05, p<.001.
RMSEA: Root mean square error of approximation, SRMR: Standardized root mean square residual, CFI: Comparative fit index, TLI: Tucker-lewis index. Bold: final model. p<.01, p<.001.