순천향대학교 사회복지학과 교수
Professor, Department of Social Welfare, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
Copyright © 2026 Korean Society of Stress Medicine.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflicts of interest
The author declared no conflict of interest.
Funding
This work was supported by the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund.
| Variable | Category | Range | n (%) | M (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Female | 907 (46.6) | – | |
| Male | 1,041 (53.4) | – | ||
| Household economic status | 1~7 | – | 4.64 (1.06) |
N=1,948. Child gender and household economic status were included as control variables in all regression models. DV: Dependent variable, IV: Independent variable, SM: School maladjustment, DLS: Daily life stress, SE: Self-esteem, ADHD: ADHD characteristics, β: Standardized coefficient, SE: Standard error.
| Variable | Category | Range | n (%) | M (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Female | 907 (46.6) | – | |
| Male | 1,041 (53.4) | – | ||
| Household economic status | 1~7 | – | 4.64 (1.06) |
| Variable | M (SD) | Range | Skewness | Kurtosis | ADHD |
DLS |
SE |
SM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| r (p) | r (p) | r (p) | r (p) | |||||
| ADHD characteristics (ADHD) | 0.57 (0.39) | 0~3 | 1.142 | 1.875 | 1 | |||
| Daily life stress (DLS) | 1.65 (0.60) | 0~4 | 0.267 | 0.698 | .517 (<.001) | 1 | ||
| Self-esteem (SE) | 3.01 (0.58) | 1~4 | −0.473 | −0.094 | −.471 (<.001) | −.666 (<.001) | 1 | |
| School maladjustment (SM) | 1.81 (0.57) | 1~4 | 0.521 | 0.463 | .440 (<.001) | .431 (<.001) | −.556 (<.001) | 1 |
| DV | IV | B | β | SE | t (p) | R² | F (p) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total effect | SM | ADHD | 0.616 | .421 | 0.030 | 20.570 (<.001) | .211 | 173.281 (<.001) |
| Mediation effect: Step 1 | DLS | ADHD | 0.795 | .519 | 0.029 | 26.949 (<.001) | .303 | 282.347 (<.001) |
| Mediation effect: Step 2 | SE | ADHD | −0.271 | −.184 | 0.029 | −9.446 (<.001) | .480 | 447.785 (<.001) |
| DSL | −0.526 | −.547 | 0.019 | −27.881 (<.001) | ||||
| Mediation effect: Step 3 | SM | ADHD | 0.294 | .201 | 0.032 | 9.080 (<.001) | .360 | 218.638 (<.001) |
| DSL | 0.032 | .034 | 0.025 | 1.370 (.191) | ||||
| SE | −0.431 | −.434 | 0.025 | −17.251 (<.001) |
| Effect | SE | CI |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LL | UL | |||
| Total effect | 0.616 | 0.030 | 0.558 | 0.675 |
| Direct effect | 0.294 | 0.032 | 0.230 | 0.357 |
| Total indirect effect (IE) | 0.323 | 0.022 | 0.280 | 0.368 |
| IE 1: ADHD → DLS → SM | 0.026 | 0.020 | −0.013 | 0.064 |
| IE 2: ADHD → SE → SM | 0.167 | 0.016 | 0.087 | 0.150 |
| IE 3: ADHD → DLS → SE → SM | 0.180 | 0.015 | 0.152 | 0.210 |
N=1,948. M: Mean, SD: Standard deviation.
N=1,948. M: Mean, SD: Standard deviation.
N=1,948. Child gender and household economic status were included as control variables in all regression models. DV: Dependent variable, IV: Independent variable, SM: School maladjustment, DLS: Daily life stress, SE: Self-esteem, ADHD: ADHD characteristics,
Bootstrap samples=10,000. SE: Standard error, CI: Confidence interval, LL: Lower limit, UL: Upper limit, ADHD: ADHD characteristics, DLS: Daily life stress, SE: Self-esteem, SM: School maladjustment.