STRESS

Original Article

Effect of Daily Stress on School Adjustment among Children at Community Child Centers: Mediating Roles of Inattention and Social Withdrawal: RaeHyuck Lee; STRESS. 2024;32(1):1-8. Published online March 28, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2024.32.1.1

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study verifies the influence of daily stress on school adjustment through inattention and social withdrawal among children at community child centers.
Methods
Analyses were performed on data collected from the Child Panel Survey of the Community Child Centers, followed by a series of regression analyses.
Results
First, daily stress had a negative and significant influence on school adjustment. Second, both inattention and social withdrawal among children mediated the influence of daily stress on school adjustment. Finally, the influence of daily stress on school adjustment was serially dual-mediated through inattention and social withdrawal.
Conclusions
This study presents evidence-based strategies that could help the school adjustment of children at community child centers.

Review Article

Non-Contact Nursing Education in Communication and Group Counseling: Current Status and Future Directions: Kuem Sun Han, Soo Yeon Lee, Ji Hye Shin; STRESS. 2023;31(4):149-157. Published online December 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.4.149

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Abstract PDF: Background
In nursing, the utilization of diverse therapeutic communication and counseling techniques is crucial for effective nursing care. This study critically evaluated the present state of therapeutic communication and counseling education for nurses so as to explore the applications of non-face-to-face educational methods and to propose potential future directions for nursing education.
Methods
This study targeted academic research published in either English or Korean between 2019 to August 2023 on the topics of communication and counseling education in nursing education.
Results
There were eight studies of non-contact education in communication or counseling published between 2019 and 2023. The review identified various educational interventions currently in use, such as online-based, blended learning, simulation, and role-play education.
Conclusions
Among the various non-contact educational approaches, education based in the Metaverse shows promise due to its ability to offer real-time supervision and a wide range of virtual scenarios. Therefore, we suggest the incorporation of the Metaverse in group counseling education to enrich the learning experience.

Original Articles

Preliminary Validation of the Korean Version of the Alexian Brothers Urge to Self-Injure Scale (ABUSI-K): Min-kyeong Kim, Myoung-Ho Hyun, Seo Jeong Lee; STRESS. 2023;31(4):182-188. Published online December 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.4.182

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study aimed to validate the Korean version of the Alexian-Brothers Urge to Self-injure Scale (ABUSI) for measuring non-suicidal self-injury urges.
Methods
Analysis was conducted on a sample of 389 adult men and women who had inflicted self-harm without suicidal intent within three years. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to confirm the single factor of the scale, and convergent validity was assessed to establish the relationship between ABUSI-K and Negative Urgency (UPPS-P), Self-Criticism/Attacking and Reassurance (FSCRS), and Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview (SITBI).
Results
The Korean version of the Alexian-Brothers Urge to Self-Injure Scale (ABUSI-K) showed high internal consistency and, like the original scale, was confirmed to be a single-factor scale measuring the urge to self-injure. Convergent validity with negative urgency, self-criticism/self-attacking and self-reassuring, the NSSI module of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, and depression and anxiety were also significant, indicating that ABUSI-K’s psychometric benefits are confirmed.
Conclusions
The results of this study will provide a multifaceted understanding of self-injury without suicidal intent and the urges that occur before self-injury. They are expected to be useful in clinical interventions for individuals who have engaged in non-suicidal self-injuries.

Developing Smoking Cessation Program for Female Smokers and Assessment of Its Impacts: Kyung Hyun Suh; STRESS. 2023;31(4):189-196. Published online December 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.4.189

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Abstract PDF: Background
Female smokers find it challenging to quit smoking. The number of female smokers in Korea has not seen any decline. This study developed a smoking cessation program tailored for female smokers and evaluated its effectiveness.
Methods
The treatment group, which was subjected to the smoking cessation program, was composed of seven adult female smokers and five female college students who smoked. The control group comprised 7 adult female smokers and 5 female college students who wanted to quit smoking.
Results
Of the 12 participants in the control group, only 1 (8.3%) reported that she had maintained abstinence for 4 months and 1 week, while 5 (41.7%; 3 adults and 2 students) out of the 12 in the treatment group managed to abstain. For female smokers in this group, the motivation and empowerment to quit smoking increased significantly after participating in the program, and these positive effects were sustained for up to 3 months after the completion of the program.
Conclusions
Female smokers who participated in the program that was developed as part of this study exhibited a significant abstinence rate, and their motivation and empowerment to quit smoking improved. These results indicate that this smoking cessation program can be clinically useful in helping female smokers quit smoking.

The Moderating Role of Perceived Social Support in the Relation between Type D Personality and PTSD Symptoms among ICU and ER Nurses: Sohyeon Kim, Myung-Ho Hyun; STRESS. 2023;31(4):197-204. Published online December 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.4.197

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study examined the moderating effects of four types of perceived social support on the relation between type D personality and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among ICU and ER nurses.
Methods
Data were collected from 223 ICU and ER nurses in university or general hospitals located in Seoul. A questionnaire survey method was used for data collection and SPSS Windows 28.0 and PROCESS Macro Program were used for data analysis.
Results
The results showed that only the moderating effect of senior support was statistically significant, while perceived support from family, friends, and coworkers were not. Specifically, the effect of type D personality on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms was weaker in ICU and ER nurses who perceived higher social support from senior nurses.
Conclusions
The study highlighted the significance of senior support in protecting the psychological health of ICU and ER nurses. Additionally, it addressed the major considerations in developing practical interventions in hospital settings.

Efficacy of a Serious Game for Individuals with Interpersonal Trauma: Hyae Young Yoon, Sang-Hyun Cho, Yun-Kyeung Choi; STRESS. 2023;31(4):205-219. Published online December 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.4.205

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study aimed to develop a serious game for college students with interpersonal trauma to practice adopting an alternative perspective mentoring a game character with similar experiences.
Methods
We recruited 44 college students with high levels of distress after experiencing interpersonal trauma. They were assigned to either the serious game+relaxation training (SG+RX, n=22) or the virtual reality+relaxation training condition (VR+RX, n=22). Cognitive, emotional, and self-efficacy aspects related to trauma were compared in both groups before and after treatment. In addition, interpersonal perceptions of "warmth, dominance, trust, and accessibility" for facial expressions of happiness, anger, and neutrality were compared in both groups before and after treatment.
Results
Both groups showed positive changes in relaxation, post-traumatic cognition, and post-traumatic emotion after treatment. The SG+RX group showed greater increases in behavioral competence and confidence in the future and rated accessibility to angry/happy facial expressions higher than the VR+RX group.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that an interactive serious game promoting empathy, coping skills, and an alternative perspective effects positive changes for individuals with interpersonal trauma.

Validating a Short Version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12 (IUS-12): Somin Lee, Myoung-Ho Hyun, Jaeeun Shin; STRESS. 2023;31(3):97-105. Published online September 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.3.97

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study aims to validate the short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12 (IUS-12).
Methods
A comprehensive set of questionnaires, including the IUS-12, STAI-T, PSWQ, CES-D, and K-CSI, was administered and completed by 404 participants. The average age of the participants was 31.29 years (SD=9.18), comprising 114 men, 287 women, and 3 individuals identifying with the other gender. We conducted a factor analysis on the collected data and compared the fit indices of one-factor, two-factor, and bifactor models. Furthermore, a multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis evaluated measurement invariance between the men’s and women’s groups. Correlational analyses were also conducted.
Results
Data from the study show that the bifactor model was the most appropriate, demonstrating good internal consistency. The Omega coefficients and explained common variance were computed to evaluate the dimensionality of the IUS-12, validating the use of the total score of the scale. Its factor model also showed that the measurement invariance sustained between two gender groups. The correlation analyses between the IUS-12 and other scales assessing attributes such as trait anxiety, worry, depression, and avoidance coping strategy supported convergent validity.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that the IUS-12 is a reliable and valid measure for assessing the intolerance of uncertainty. The study also discusses its limitations and offers recommendations for future research endeavors.

Qualitative Study on Patient Distress and Needs in Chronic Illness: Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Chronic Renal Diseases: Eun Jung Yang, Donghee Jeong, Bong-Jin Hahm, Eun-Jung Shim; STRESS. 2023;31(3):113-122. Published online September 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.3.113

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Abstract PDF: Background
We examined various types of distress and needs experienced by patients with chronic illness.
Methods
We conducted in-depth interviews with 35 patients with cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and chronic renal diseases.
Results
The majority of participants reported experiencing physical distress, such as pain from symptoms or after-effects. They also felt burdensome to others and saw a decrease in their social relationships because of physical limitations caused by their chronic illness. Besides symptom management, they expressed a need for psychological counselling to cope with psychosocial distress.
Conclusions
The findings suggest the importance of integrative management for patients with chronic illness, addressing both physical symptoms and psychosocial distress.

Effectiveness of Non-Pharmacological Interventions among Problem Drinkers in Korea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Junggeun Ahn, Heeseung Choi, Jiu Kim, Wooin Jang; STRESS. 2023;31(3):123-132. Published online September 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.3.123

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study aimed to identify trends in domestic research and conduct a meta-analysis of studies investigating the effects of non-pharmacological interventions targeting domestic problem drinkers. The objectives were to synthesize and analyze the results of these studies, while evaluating potential bias and estimating effect size.
Methods
Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched five domestic databases (RISS, KISS, DBpia, KoreaMed, and Science ON) for journals and theses published until July 2022. Researchers independently assessed study quality using Cochrane RoB 2 or ROBINS-I.
Results
Of the 307 studies extracted, 12 were included in systematic review. The meta-analysis included 11 studies on problem drinking and 8 on alcohol abstinence self-efficacy. Random effects models were used for analysis, given the heterogeneity among the studies. Non-pharmacological interventions effectively reduced problem drinking (g=−1.22, 95% CI: −1.69 to −0.75, p＜.001) and enhanced alcohol abstinence self-efficacy (g=1.16, 95% CI: 0.54 to 1.79, p＜.001).
Conclusions
Non-pharmacological intervention programs targeting problem drinkers effectively reduced problem drinking and enhanced alcohol abstinence self-efficacy. This study provides valuable evidence for developing and implementing such programs for problem drinkers.

Influence of Single Parents’ Parenting Stress on Adolescent Children’s Internet Addiction: Focusing on the Moderating Effect of Family Economic Status: Jaekyoung Lee, RaeHyuck Lee; STRESS. 2023;31(3):142-147. Published online September 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.3.142

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study investigated the influence of parenting stress among single parents on the level of Internet addiction in their adolescent children, while also considering the moderating effect of family economic status.
Methods
An analysis was conducted using regression models to assess direct and moderating effects, utilizing data from the 2021 Survey of Single-parent Families, focusing on single parents with adolescent children.
Results
It was observed that single parents’ parenting stress had a positive and significant influence on the level of Internet addiction seen in their adolescent children. Furthermore, this influence was observed to be even stronger when the family’s economic status was lower.
Conclusions
This study empirically examined the influence of parenting and economic circumstances on the level of Internet addiction among adolescent children in single-parent families, drawing on nationally representative data. The study also underscored the need for diverse intervention strategies.

The Antidepressant Effects of Domestic Natural Mixed Fragrance Ingredients in Animal Models: Sook Heui Jung; STRESS. 2023;31(2):59-64. Published online June 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.2.59

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study used inhalation toxicity experiments, open field experiments, and tail suspension tests to investigate the antidepressant effect of a combination of nine types of refined oils extracted from domestic native plants.
Methods
Non-irritability was confirmed through an inhalation toxicity test, locomotor activity was measured using an open field test, and the antidepressant effect was assessed by measuring immobility time during a tail suspension test.
Results
The inhalation toxicity test confirmed that both samples were non-stimulated with a negative stimulation index of 0.0. In the tail suspension experiment, the floating time was significantly shorter than the depression model, with an average of 142.33±18.31 seconds compared to the control group at 0.5% concentration (F=10.582, p＜.001).
Conclusions
This study’s results suggest that combining refined oils extracted from domestic native plants could be used to develop prototypes that effectively alleviate depression. Future studies should include usability evaluation and human application tests to further investigate these potential benefits.

Attention Bias to Emotional Expression: Variations Based on Anxiety Tendency and Depression Tendency: Yeongeun Kim, Yoonhyoung Lee, Jini Tae, Wonhye Lee; STRESS. 2023;31(2):73-80. Published online June 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.2.73

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study examined whether automatic attention bias toward emotional stimuli differs among individuals with varying anxiety and depression levels in the non-clinical population.
Methods
A total of 494 participants from the community completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). The dot-probe task was conducted to compare attention biases when emotional stimuli appeared before the target versus neutral stimuli did.
Results
There were differences in attention bias based on the stimuli types, even among the non-clinical community. The anxiety tendency group showed attention bias towards positive expressions, while the depression tendency group showed attention bias toward negative expressions. The group with anxiety and depression tendencies showed mixed characteristics observed in both the anxiety and depression groups.
Conclusions
This study showed that attention bias toward emotional stimuli is an information-processing bias influenced by an individual’s internal state. This study contributes to the understanding of attention bias differences among groups based on anxiety and depression tendencies in non-clinical population of various ages.

The Mediating Role of Anger Rumination in the Relationship between Job Stress and Problem Drinking among Community-Oriented Police Officers: Dawon Jang, Myoung-Ho Hyun; STRESS. 2023;31(2):81-86. Published online June 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.2.81

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study investigated the mediating effect of anger rumination in the relationship between job stress and problem drinking among community-oriented police officers.
Methods
The study participants were 107 community-oriented police officers working in local police stations and substations in the Seoul-Gyeonggi area. Participants completed the Police Job Stress Scale, Anger Rumination Scale (K-ARS), and Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). Data was collected from September to October 2022, and the mediation analysis was performed using SPSS PROCESS Macro model 4.
Results
Analysis showed that anger rumination fully mediates the relationship between job stress and problem drinking among community-oriented police officers.
Conclusions
This study emphasizes the importance of interventions or treatments that address both job stress and anger rumination for community-oriented police officers with alcohol-related problems. Such interventions can contribute to preventing and managing problem drinking that threatens the well-being of individual police officers and the police organization.

The Dual Mediation Effect of Evaluative Concerns Perfectionism and Mindfulness in the Relationship between Temperament and Depression among Office Workers: SeoYeon Park, Yejin Cho, Myoung-Ho Hyun; STRESS. 2023;31(2):87-95. Published online June 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.2.87

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study investigates the dual mediation effect of evaluative concerns perfectionism and mindfulness in the relationship between temperament and depression among office workers.
Methods
220 Korean office workers completed online surveys measuring levels of FCB-TI perseveration (PE) and emotional reactivity (ER), evaluative concerns perfectionism, mindfulness, and depression.
Results
The data analysis results showed that evaluative concerns perfectionism and mindfulness both mediated the relationship between temperament types and depression. Additionally, evaluative concerns perfectionism and mindfulness had dual mediating effect between temperament and depression.
Conclusions
Based on the results of this study, PE and ER temperament could increase the level of evaluative concerns perfectionism, decreasing the level of mindfulness and increasing the risk of depression. The findings highlight the potential value of mindfulness-based interventions focusing on alleviating perfectionism concerning others’ evaluation for preventing and treating depression in office settings.

Influence of Parenting Stress on Depression among Single Parents with Preschool Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Focusing on the Moderating Effect of Self-rated Health Status: RaeHyuck Lee; STRESS. 2023;31(1):37-43. Published online March 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2023.31.1.37

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Abstract PDF: Background
This study aimed to verify the influence of parental stress on depression among single parents with preschool children during the COVID-19 pandemic and the moderating effect of self-rated health status.
Methods
The study conducted regression analyses with a sample of 335 single parents raising children under seven years old from the raw data of the Study on the Status of Sole-parent Families conducted by the Korean Ministry of Gender Equality and Family in 2021.
Results
Single parents’ parenting stress had a positive and significant influence on their depression, moderated by their self-rated health status. That is, the influence of parenting stress on depression was more pronounced for parents who rated their health status as not good compared with those who rated their health status as good.
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the discussion suggested interventions for dealing with depression among single parents with preschool children.

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