계명대학교 심리학과
Department of Psychology, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
Copyright: © The Korean Journal of Stress Research
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
| Gender | Age | Education (years) | Volunteer career (years) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Team members | ||||
| Member 1 | F | 40 s | 16 | 5~10 |
| Member 2 | F | 50 s | 12 | More than 10 |
| Member 3 | F | 40 s | 14 | 5~10 |
| Member 4 | M | 50 s | 14 | 3~5 |
| Member 5 | M | 40 s | 12 | 3~5 |
| Team leaders | ||||
| Leader 1 | F | 60 s | 12 | - |
| Leader 2 | F | 50 s | 16 | 1~3 |
| Leader 3 | F | 40 s | 12 | 5~10 |
| Leader 4 | F | 50 s | 12 | - |
| Leader 5 | M | 50 s | 12 | 5~10 |
| Leader 6 | M | 40 s | 12 | 3~5 |
| Statements | Natural meaning units | Themes | Focal meanings | Sub- components |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| There was no way to resolve the conflict. Since team members were busy to do their daily duty, there was no time to resolve the conflict. <leader 2> | No way to resolve conflict | Conflict management | Leadership | Personal characteristic |
| When we worked together for a long time, we found ourselves in conflicts with our colleagues. It had been a good relationship when we met for a while. But as we worked together for a long time, conflicts increased. <leader 2> | An accumulation of conflicts among volunteers | |||
| Leader was tired because other people misunderstood his volunteer activity. <member 3> | Leaders receive criticism or praise due to their expressions | Difficulty of leader | ||
| The qualifications of volunteers should be managed. <leader 4> | Certificate for volunteers | ID card | Qualifications of voluntary work | Value of voluntary work |
| One of volunteers cleaned the around by oneself. They also suffered a lot. <member 4> | Spontaneous volunteering | Spontaneity |
| Sub-component | Focal meaning | Total | Team members | Team leaders | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
| Value of voluntary work | Subtotal | 16 | 4.2 | 4 | 1.9 | 12 | 7.1 |
| Meaning of voluntary work | 8 | 2.1 | 4 | 1.9 | 4 | 2.4 | |
| Qualifications of voluntary work | 8 | 2.1 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 4.7 | |
| Personal characteristic | Subtotal | 79 | 21 | 44 | 21.3 | 35 | 20.7 |
| Personal quality | |||||||
| Leader | 20 | 5.3 | 12 | 5.8 | 8 | 4.7 | |
| Volunteer | 23 | 6.1 | 11 | 5.3 | 12 | 7.1 | |
| Leadership & followership | |||||||
| Leadership | 29 | 7.7 | 19 | 9.2 | 10 | 5.9 | |
| Followership | 7 | 1.9 | 2 | 1.0 | 5 | 3.0 | |
| Organization characteristic | Subtotal | 82 | 21.9 | 39 | 18.8 | 43 | 25.4 |
| Within team | |||||||
| Organization management | 12 | 3.2 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 7.1 | |
| Teamwork | 17 | 4.5 | 7 | 3.4 | 10 | 5.9 | |
| Role specification | 6 | 1.6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 3.6 | |
| Middle manager | 8 | 2.1 | 8 | 3.9 | 0 | 0 | |
| Administrative reporting system | 6 | 1.6 | 6 | 2.9 | 0 | 0 | |
| Between team/organization | 8.9 | ||||||
| Resource | 7 | 1.9 | 2 | 1.0 | 5 | 3.0 | |
| Collaboration | 19 | 5.1 | 11 | 5.3 | 8 | 4.7 | |
| Control tower | 7 | 1.9 | 5 | 2.4 | 2 | 1.2 | |
| Disaster environment | Subtotal | 66 | 17.5 | 48 | 23.2 | 18 | 10.7 |
| Community conflict | 11 | 2.9 | 11 | 5.3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Perception of service activities | 14 | 3.7 | 11 | 5.3 | 3 | 1.8 | |
| Intervention | 32 | 8.5 | 18 | 8.7 | 14 | 8.3 | |
| Long-term voluntary work | 9 | 2.4 | 8 | 3.9 | 1 | 0.6 | |
| Impact of volunteer participation | Subtotal | 58 | 15.5 | 32 | 15.5 | 26 | 15.4 |
| Positive experience | 13 | 3.5 | 6 | 2.9 | 7 | 11.2 | |
| Burnout | 45 | 12 | 26 | 12.6 | 19 | 15.4 | |
| Needs of volunteer | Subtotal | 75 | 19.9 | 40 | 19.3 | 35 | 20.7 |
| Self & peer care | 28 | 7.4 | 14 | 6.8 | 14 | 8.3 | |
| Needs of education | 47 | 12.5 | 26 | 12.6 | 21 | 12.4 | |
| Total | 376 | 100 | 207 | 100 | 169 | 100 | |
| Focal meaning | N | % | Theme | Total | Team members | Team leaders | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
| Meaning of voluntary work | 8 | 50 | Undermining the meaning of volunteerism | 8 | 50.00 | 4 | 100 | 4 | 33.33 |
| Qualifications of voluntary work | 8 | 50 | Registration | 5 | 31.25 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 41.67 |
| ID card of volunteer | 3 | 18.75 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 25.00 | |||
| Total | 16 | 100 | 16 | 100 | 4 | 100 | 12 | 100 | |
| Focal meaning | N | % | Theme | Total | Team members | Team leaders | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
| Personal quality | |||||||||
| Leader | 20 | 25.32 | Expertise | 1 | 1.27 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.86 |
| Consideration and respect | 10 | 12.66 | 6 | 13.64 | 4 | 11.43 | |||
| Responsibility | 4 | 5.06 | 2 | 4.55 | 2 | 5.71 | |||
| Charisma | 5 | 6.33 | 4 | 9.09 | 1 | 2.86 | |||
| Volunteer | 23 | 29.11 | Sense of mission | 6 | 7.59 | 4 | 9.09 | 2 | 5.71 |
| Personality | 6 | 7.59 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 17.14 | |||
| Voluntary commitment | 5 | 6.33 | 5 | 11.36 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Responsibility | 6 | 7.59 | 2 | 4.55 | 4 | 11.43 | |||
| Leadership & followership | |||||||||
| Leadership | 29 | 36.71 | Conflict management | 4 | 5.06 | 1 | 2.27 | 3 | 8.57 |
| Proficient leader | 5 | 6.33 | 4 | 9.09 | 1 | 2.86 | |||
| Difficulty of leader | 5 | 6.33 | 5 | 11.36 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Role allocation | 8 | 10.13 | 2 | 4.55 | 6 | 17.14 | |||
| Communication | 7 | 8.86 | 7 | 15.91 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Followership | 7 | 8.86 | Followership | 7 | 8.86 | 2 | 4.55 | 5 | 14.29 |
| Total | 79 | 100 | 79 | 100 | 44 | 100 | 35 | 100 | |
| Focal meaning | N | % | Theme | Total | Team Members | Team leaders | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
| Within team | |||||||||
| Organization management | 12 | 14.63 | Emergency contact network | 1 | 1.20 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.33 |
| Role allocation | 5 | 6.02 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 11.63 | |||
| Mobilization of workforce | 6 | 7.23 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 13.95 | |||
| Teamwork | 17 | 20.73 | Comradeship | 9 | 10.84 | 7 | 17.95 | 2 | 4.65 |
| Regard | 2 | 2.41 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4.65 | |||
| Communication | 2 | 2.41 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4.65 | |||
| Understanding of team members’ task | 4 | 4.82 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 9.30 | |||
| Role specification | 6 | 7.32 | Role flexibility | 1 | 1.20 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.33 |
| Specification about scope of the role | 5 | 6.02 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 11.63 | |||
| Middle manager | 8 | 9.76 | Difficulty in mobilizing workforce | 8 | 9.64 | 8 | 20.51 | 0 | 0 |
| Administrative system | 6 | 7.32 | Simplification of emergency reporting system | 3 | 3.61 | 3 | 7.69 | 0 | 0 |
| Simplification of administrative procedure | 3 | 3.61 | 3 | 7.69 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Between team/organization | |||||||||
| Resource | 7 | 8.54 | Difficulty in allocating resources | 3 | 3.61 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6.98 |
| Donation of goods | 4 | 4.82 | 2 | 5.13 | 2 | 4.65 | |||
| Collaboration | 19 | 23.17 | Support from other organizations | 5 | 6.02 | 5 | 12.82 | 0 | 0 |
| Conflict between organizations | 8 | 9.64 | 3 | 7.69 | 5 | 11.63 | |||
| Communication between organizations | 6 | 7.23 | 3 | 7.69 | 3 | 6.98 | |||
| Control tower | 7 | 8.54 | Absence of a control tower | 2 | 2.41 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4.65 |
| Coordination | 5 | 6.02 | 5 | 12.82 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Total | 82 | 100 | 82 | 100 | 39 | 100 | 43 | 100 | |
| Focal meaning | N | % | Theme | Total | Team members | Team leaders | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
| Community conflict | 11 | 11.67 | Local recession | 4 | 6.06 | 4 | 8.33 | 0 | 0 |
| Conflicts with local residents | 7 | 10.61 | 7 | 14.58 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Perception of service activities | 14 | 21.21 | Change of perception about voluntary work | 3 | 4.55 | 1 | 2.08 | 2 | 11.11 |
| Misunderstandings due to long-term service | 6 | 9.09 | 5 | 10.42 | 1 | 5.56 | |||
| Political Issue | 5 | 7.58 | 5 | 10.42 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Intervention | 32 | 48.48 | Response manual | 4 | 6.06 | 3 | 6.25 | 1 | 5.56 |
| Understanding about survivors | 11 | 16.67 | 5 | 10.42 | 6 | 33.33 | |||
| Coping with disaster | 5 | 7.58 | 1 | 2.08 | 4 | 22.22 | |||
| Preparedness | 2 | 3.03 | 2 | 4.17 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Initial response | 10 | 15.15 | 7 | 14.58 | 3 | 16.67 | |||
| Long-term voluntary work | 9 | 13.64 | Difficulty in long-term voluntary work | 9 | 13.64 | 8 | 16.67 | 1 | 5.56 |
| Total | 66 | 100 | 66 | 100 | 48 | 100 | 18 | 100 | |
| Focal meaning | N | % | Theme | Total | Team members | Team leaders | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
| Positive experience | 13 | 22.41 | Pride and satisfaction | 8 | 13.79 | 3 | 9.38 | 5 | 19.23 |
| Trust from victim’s families | 2 | 3.45 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7.69 | |||
| Appreciation to other members | 3 | 5.17 | 3 | 9.38 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Burnout | 45 | 77.59 | Emotion suppression | 14 | 11.67 | 9 | 28.13 | 5 | 19.23 |
| Stressful situation | 12 | 10.00 | 8 | 25.00 | 4 | 15.38 | |||
| Emotional distress | 14 | 11.67 | 6 | 18.75 | 8 | 30.77 | |||
| Being exhausted | 5 | 4.17 | 3 | 9.38 | 2 | 7.69 | |||
| Total | 58 | 100 | 58 | 100 | 32 | 100 | 26 | 100 | |
| Focal meaning | N | % | Theme | Total | Team members | Team leaders | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
| Self & peer care | 28 | 37.33 | Stress management | 2 | 2.67 | 1 | 2.5 | 1 | 2.86 |
| Needs of counseling | 11 | 14.67 | 6 | 15.0 | 5 | 14.29 | |||
| Needs of psychological support | 15 | 20.00 | 7 | 17.5 | 8 | 22.86 | |||
| Needs of education | 47 | 62.67 | Education method | 7 | 9.33 | 7 | 17.5 | 0 | |
| Education system | 2 | 2.67 | 1 | 2.5 | 1 | 2.86 | |||
| Experiential training | 7 | 9.33 | 7 | 17.5 | 0 | ||||
| Courtesy training | 5 | 6.67 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 14.29 | |||
| Crisis and disaster response | 5 | 6.67 | 3 | 7.5 | 2 | 5.71 | |||
| Crisis intervention | 6 | 8.00 | 5 | 12.5 | 1 | 2.86 | |||
| Systematic curriculum | 9 | 12.00 | 2 | 5.0 | 7 | 20.00 | |||
| Team competency enhancement training | 6 | 8.00 | 1 | 2.5 | 5 | 14.29 | |||
| Total | 75 | 100 | 75 | 100 | 40 | 100 | 35 | 100 | |