1청구성심병원 간호사
2고려대학교 간호대학 연구교수
3경복대학교 간호학과 조교수
1Nurse, Chung Goo Sung Sim Hospital, Seoul, Korea
2Research Professor, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
3Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Kyungbok University, Namyangju, Korea
Copyright © 2022 Korean Society of Stress Medicine.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Funding
This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (Grant number: NRF-2021R1 I1A1A01042277).
Variables and categories | n (%) |
---|---|
Published year | |
Before 2010 | 2 (28.6) |
2010∼2020 | 4 (57.1) |
Since then 2021 | 1 (14.3) |
Research design | |
Randomized control test | 6 (85.7) |
Quasi-experimental design | 1 (14.3) |
Program type | |
Physical activity-based program | 4 (57.1) |
Diet and physical activity-based program | 3 (42.9) |
Dependent variables | |
Cardiovascular disease risk factor measure | |
Lipida) | 7 (100.0) |
Obesity related factorsb) | 5 (71.4) |
Diabetes related factorsc) | 4 (57.1) |
Heart function related factorsd) | 2 (28.6) |
Blood pressuree) | 2 (28.6) |
Cardiovascular risk | 1 (14.3) |
Behavior related measure | |
Physical activity | 5 (71.4) |
Diet | 2 (28.6) |
Psychological factor | |
Stressf) | 2 (28.6) |
Depression score | 3 (42.9) |
Psychological status | 1 (14.3) |
Self-efficacy | 3 (42.9) |
a) including total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides,
b) including weight, waist circumference, body mass index, body fat, and body surface areas,
c) including glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and insulin,
d) including heart rate and oxygen consumption capacity,
e) including systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure,
f) including perceived stress and occupational stress.
Author | Year | Subjects | Intervention group/control group | Research design | Intervention |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heath & Broadurst [23] | 1984 | Female hospital employees | 6/7/8a) | Randomized control test | Exercise training and dietary behavior modification program |
Furukawa et al. [24] | 2003 | Middle-aged female nurse managers | 24/25 | Randomized control test | Systematic walking intervention |
Flannery et al. [27] | 2012 | Female nursing assistants | 24/15 | Quasi-experimental design | Worksite heart health improvement project |
Low et al. [26] | 2015 | Female health care workers employee | 28/29 | Randomized control test | Worksite heart health improvement project |
Matsugaki et al. [25] | 2017 | Female nurses | 15/14 | Randomized control test | Supervised exercise intervention |
Rowland et al. [21] | 2018 | Female employees | 17/23 | Randomized control test | Peer modeling workplace physical activity intervention |
Jeong [22] | 2021 | Female office workers | 8/8 | Randomized control test | Tabata exercise |
Author | Period | Intervention component | Dependent variables | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Heath & Broadurst [23] | 12-week | ∙ Exercise training program only (group I): 5 times/week, about 40 min/session, supervised program of brisk walking cycling, and intermittent jogging | ∙ Weight, BSA, resting HR, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, VO2 max | ∙ Groups I and Ⅲ had positive changes in the level of their lipoprotein lipids while group Ⅱ remained unchanged except for their level of TG which were reduced significantly. |
∙ Diet modification program only (group Ⅱ): one hour/week, food diaries, group sessions, homework, handout materials, discussions | ||||
∙ Exercise and diet modification (group Ⅲ): combined exercise training program and diet modification program | ∙ Groups I and Ⅲ had a significant drop in resting HR and blood pressure. | |||
Furukawa et al. [24] | 12-week | ∙ Intervention group (IG): individual-based activity, walking plan, brisk walking, lesson, exercise journal | ∙ TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, insulin, glucose, HbA1c, exercise energy expenditure, ApoA1, ApoB, 1.5-AG, G. albumin | ∙ Significant mean change was seen in HDL-C from the baseline to the end value between the 2 groups (p=.051). |
∙ The mean change in insulin levels was statistically significant (p=.046). | ||||
∙ Control group (CG): normal daily activities | ∙ In view of the significant differences in baseline BMI, influencing lipid and glucose metabolism, an analysis of covariance was performed. | |||
∙ HDL-C (F=6.9, p=.01, n=21) and insulin levels (F=5.0, p=.03, n=24) were statistically significant. | ||||
Flannery et al. [27] | 12-week | ∙ Intervention group: environmental and policy assessing organizational, community, and policy factors, education for using self-efficacy enhancement techniques, on-going motivation including daily health tips, organized competitions, facilitated self-efficacy group discussions, and group exercise classes | ∙ BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, physical activity, diet, depression, self-efficacy and outcome expectations for exercise and diet measures | ∙ Generalized estimating equations showed the intervention group showed significant improvements in depressive symptoms (p=.012), SBP (p=.028), TC (p=.002) and TG (p=.011) over time. |
∙ Control group: education only | ∙ The treatment group also showed trends for improvement in diet behaviors (p=.069) and DBP (p=.073). | |||
Low et al. [26] | 6-month | ∙ Intervention group (IG): risk reduction classes, access to an on-site gymnasium, organized group, walks weekly motivational communications, goal-setting, suggestions for overcoming obstacles | ∙ Weight, resting HR, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, glucose, weight management behaviors, perceived stress, exercise | ∙ Compared with control, the intervention group resulted in greater: weight loss (7.2 vs 3.8 pounds); stress reduction (6.5 vs 4.7); and exercise days per week (1.4 vs 1.2). Differences were not statistically significant. |
∙ Control group (CG): risk reduction classes, access to an on-site gymnasium, organized group walks | ||||
Matsugaki et al. [25] | 12-week | ∙ Supervised exercise group (SG): individual setting for 2 sessions /week, resistance and aerobic training, exercise manual, exercise diary, exercise under the supervision of a personal training, personal training advice | ∙ Weight, BMI, body fat, basal metabolic rate, HR, SBP, DBP, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, glucose, insulin,VO2max, 69 deg/sec KET, 180 deg/sec KET, Cr, UA, HMW-ADP, dROM, BAP, exercise self-efficacy, depression, psychological status | ∙ Aerobic fitness increased in the SG whereas it decreased in the VG, but these changes were not statistically significant (p=.053 and .073, respectively). However, the between-group difference was significant in the intervention effect (p=0.010). |
∙ Voluntary exercise group (VG): individual setting for 2 sessions /week, resistance and aerobic training, exercise diary, exercise manual exercise without supervision, instruction from a PT only | ∙ Muscle strength, HDL-C and metabolic profile (HMW-ADP), and depressive symptom significantly improved in the SG over time, even though the SG exercised less as compared with the VG. | |||
∙ Significant differences in muscle strength, and LDL-C and reactive oxygen metabolite levels were observed between both groups, and these parameters were better in the SG than in the VG. | ||||
Rowland et al. [21] | 12-week | ∙ Intervention group (IG): 6 sessions for each physical activity and group lunch with presentations, private counseling by a nurse practitioner, exercise prescription, weekly physical activity logs, 45-minute group lunch and learn presentations at the workplace | ∙ resting HR, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, glucose, lifetime cardiovascular risk, VO2 max, METs, | ∙ Physical activity increased in both groups, F (df=1)=11.4, p=.002, IG had greater improvements in fitness (VO 2max, HR) and cardiovascular risk (TC, TG, LDL-C, lifetime cardiovascular risk) compared with CG. |
∙ Control group (CG): 6 sessions for group lunch and learn presentations | ||||
Jeong [22] | 12-week | ∙ Tabata exercise group: tabata exercise program, consisted of program 23 min (1∼6 wk), 31min (7∼12 wk)/session, 3 days each week for 12 weeks, warm-up (10 min), cool down (5 min), exercise (For first 1∼6 weeks, 16 movement, 1set for each exercise 20 sec, and rest 10 sec, in total 8 min. For 7∼12 weeks, 2 sets for 16 min). | ∙ weight, % fat, BMI,WC, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, perceived stress, occupational stress, depression, physical self-efficacy | ∙ Obesity indicator, body weight (p<.01), BMI (p<.01), % fat (p<.05), WC (p<.01), TC (p<.001), LDL-C (p<.001), HDL-C (p<.01), TG (p<.001) when the interaction between the two groups and showed significant difference in. |
∙ Control group: daily activity | ∙ Stress index and self-efficacy, perceived stress (p<.001), occupational stress (p<.001), depression level (p<.001), when the interaction between group and time showed significant difference. | |||
∙ Obesity indicator and stress index presented a positive correlation, obesity indicator and self-efficacy presented a negative correlation. |
BSA: body surface areas, HR: heart rate, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, TC: total cholesterol, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG: triglycerides, VO2 max: oxygen consumption capacity, HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c, ApoA1: apolipoprotein A1, ApoB: apolipoprotein B, 1.5-AG: 1.5-anhydroglucitol, G. albumin: glycated albumin, BMI: body mass index, KET: knee extensor torque, Cr: creatinine, UA: uric acid, HMW-ADP: high molecular weight adiponectin, dROM: reactive oxygen metabolites, BAP: biological antioxidant potential, METs: metabolic equivalent, WC: waist circumference.
Variables and categories | n (%) |
---|---|
Published year | |
Before 2010 | 2 (28.6) |
2010∼2020 | 4 (57.1) |
Since then 2021 | 1 (14.3) |
Research design | |
Randomized control test | 6 (85.7) |
Quasi-experimental design | 1 (14.3) |
Program type | |
Physical activity-based program | 4 (57.1) |
Diet and physical activity-based program | 3 (42.9) |
Dependent variables | |
Cardiovascular disease risk factor measure | |
Lipid |
7 (100.0) |
Obesity related factors |
5 (71.4) |
Diabetes related factors |
4 (57.1) |
Heart function related factors |
2 (28.6) |
Blood pressure |
2 (28.6) |
Cardiovascular risk | 1 (14.3) |
Behavior related measure | |
Physical activity | 5 (71.4) |
Diet | 2 (28.6) |
Psychological factor | |
Stress |
2 (28.6) |
Depression score | 3 (42.9) |
Psychological status | 1 (14.3) |
Self-efficacy | 3 (42.9) |
Author | Year | Subjects | Intervention group/control group | Research design | Intervention |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heath & Broadurst [23] | 1984 | Female hospital employees | 6/7/8 |
Randomized control test | Exercise training and dietary behavior modification program |
Furukawa et al. [24] | 2003 | Middle-aged female nurse managers | 24/25 | Randomized control test | Systematic walking intervention |
Flannery et al. [27] | 2012 | Female nursing assistants | 24/15 | Quasi-experimental design | Worksite heart health improvement project |
Low et al. [26] | 2015 | Female health care workers employee | 28/29 | Randomized control test | Worksite heart health improvement project |
Matsugaki et al. [25] | 2017 | Female nurses | 15/14 | Randomized control test | Supervised exercise intervention |
Rowland et al. [21] | 2018 | Female employees | 17/23 | Randomized control test | Peer modeling workplace physical activity intervention |
Jeong [22] | 2021 | Female office workers | 8/8 | Randomized control test | Tabata exercise |
Author | Period | Intervention component | Dependent variables | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Heath & Broadurst [23] | 12-week | ∙ Exercise training program only (group I): 5 times/week, about 40 min/session, supervised program of brisk walking cycling, and intermittent jogging | ∙ Weight, BSA, resting HR, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, VO2 max | ∙ Groups I and Ⅲ had positive changes in the level of their lipoprotein lipids while group Ⅱ remained unchanged except for their level of TG which were reduced significantly. |
∙ Diet modification program only (group Ⅱ): one hour/week, food diaries, group sessions, homework, handout materials, discussions | ||||
∙ Exercise and diet modification (group Ⅲ): combined exercise training program and diet modification program | ∙ Groups I and Ⅲ had a significant drop in resting HR and blood pressure. | |||
Furukawa et al. [24] | 12-week | ∙ Intervention group (IG): individual-based activity, walking plan, brisk walking, lesson, exercise journal | ∙ TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, insulin, glucose, HbA1c, exercise energy expenditure, ApoA1, ApoB, 1.5-AG, G. albumin | ∙ Significant mean change was seen in HDL-C from the baseline to the end value between the 2 groups (p=.051). |
∙ The mean change in insulin levels was statistically significant (p=.046). | ||||
∙ Control group (CG): normal daily activities | ∙ In view of the significant differences in baseline BMI, influencing lipid and glucose metabolism, an analysis of covariance was performed. | |||
∙ HDL-C (F=6.9, p=.01, n=21) and insulin levels (F=5.0, p=.03, n=24) were statistically significant. | ||||
Flannery et al. [27] | 12-week | ∙ Intervention group: environmental and policy assessing organizational, community, and policy factors, education for using self-efficacy enhancement techniques, on-going motivation including daily health tips, organized competitions, facilitated self-efficacy group discussions, and group exercise classes | ∙ BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, physical activity, diet, depression, self-efficacy and outcome expectations for exercise and diet measures | ∙ Generalized estimating equations showed the intervention group showed significant improvements in depressive symptoms (p=.012), SBP (p=.028), TC (p=.002) and TG (p=.011) over time. |
∙ Control group: education only | ∙ The treatment group also showed trends for improvement in diet behaviors (p=.069) and DBP (p=.073). | |||
Low et al. [26] | 6-month | ∙ Intervention group (IG): risk reduction classes, access to an on-site gymnasium, organized group, walks weekly motivational communications, goal-setting, suggestions for overcoming obstacles | ∙ Weight, resting HR, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, glucose, weight management behaviors, perceived stress, exercise | ∙ Compared with control, the intervention group resulted in greater: weight loss (7.2 vs 3.8 pounds); stress reduction (6.5 vs 4.7); and exercise days per week (1.4 vs 1.2). Differences were not statistically significant. |
∙ Control group (CG): risk reduction classes, access to an on-site gymnasium, organized group walks | ||||
Matsugaki et al. [25] | 12-week | ∙ Supervised exercise group (SG): individual setting for 2 sessions /week, resistance and aerobic training, exercise manual, exercise diary, exercise under the supervision of a personal training, personal training advice | ∙ Weight, BMI, body fat, basal metabolic rate, HR, SBP, DBP, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, glucose, insulin,VO2max, 69 deg/sec KET, 180 deg/sec KET, Cr, UA, HMW-ADP, dROM, BAP, exercise self-efficacy, depression, psychological status | ∙ Aerobic fitness increased in the SG whereas it decreased in the VG, but these changes were not statistically significant (p=.053 and .073, respectively). However, the between-group difference was significant in the intervention effect (p=0.010). |
∙ Voluntary exercise group (VG): individual setting for 2 sessions /week, resistance and aerobic training, exercise diary, exercise manual exercise without supervision, instruction from a PT only | ∙ Muscle strength, HDL-C and metabolic profile (HMW-ADP), and depressive symptom significantly improved in the SG over time, even though the SG exercised less as compared with the VG. | |||
∙ Significant differences in muscle strength, and LDL-C and reactive oxygen metabolite levels were observed between both groups, and these parameters were better in the SG than in the VG. | ||||
Rowland et al. [21] | 12-week | ∙ Intervention group (IG): 6 sessions for each physical activity and group lunch with presentations, private counseling by a nurse practitioner, exercise prescription, weekly physical activity logs, 45-minute group lunch and learn presentations at the workplace | ∙ resting HR, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, glucose, lifetime cardiovascular risk, VO2 max, METs, | ∙ Physical activity increased in both groups, F (df=1)=11.4, p=.002, IG had greater improvements in fitness (VO 2max, HR) and cardiovascular risk (TC, TG, LDL-C, lifetime cardiovascular risk) compared with CG. |
∙ Control group (CG): 6 sessions for group lunch and learn presentations | ||||
Jeong [22] | 12-week | ∙ Tabata exercise group: tabata exercise program, consisted of program 23 min (1∼6 wk), 31min (7∼12 wk)/session, 3 days each week for 12 weeks, warm-up (10 min), cool down (5 min), exercise (For first 1∼6 weeks, 16 movement, 1set for each exercise 20 sec, and rest 10 sec, in total 8 min. For 7∼12 weeks, 2 sets for 16 min). | ∙ weight, % fat, BMI,WC, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, perceived stress, occupational stress, depression, physical self-efficacy | ∙ Obesity indicator, body weight (p<.01), BMI (p<.01), % fat (p<.05), WC (p<.01), TC (p<.001), LDL-C (p<.001), HDL-C (p<.01), TG (p<.001) when the interaction between the two groups and showed significant difference in. |
∙ Control group: daily activity | ∙ Stress index and self-efficacy, perceived stress (p<.001), occupational stress (p<.001), depression level (p<.001), when the interaction between group and time showed significant difference. | |||
∙ Obesity indicator and stress index presented a positive correlation, obesity indicator and self-efficacy presented a negative correlation. |
including total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, including weight, waist circumference, body mass index, body fat, and body surface areas, including glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and insulin, including heart rate and oxygen consumption capacity, including systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, including perceived stress and occupational stress.
exercise intervention/dietary intervention/both exercise and dietary intervention.
BSA: body surface areas, HR: heart rate, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, TC: total cholesterol, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG: triglycerides, VO2 max: oxygen consumption capacity, HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c, ApoA1: apolipoprotein A1, ApoB: apolipoprotein B, 1.5-AG: 1.5-anhydroglucitol, G. albumin: glycated albumin, BMI: body mass index, KET: knee extensor torque, Cr: creatinine, UA: uric acid, HMW-ADP: high molecular weight adiponectin, dROM: reactive oxygen metabolites, BAP: biological antioxidant potential, METs: metabolic equivalent, WC: waist circumference.